Anthrax Outbreak in Don Tan
In late April 2025, a 53-year-old man from Lao Mee Subdistrict, Don Tan District, Mukdahan Province, died from anthrax. He had a history of slaughtering and consuming raw beef during a local festival. Following this, one more confirmed case was reported, and over 600 people were identified as at-risk contacts.
What Is Anthrax?
Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which can form hardy spores that survive in soil for years. It commonly affects mammals such as cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep, and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or animal products.
A Brief History of Anthrax
Anthrax has been known since ancient times, with records dating back to Egypt and Mesopotamia around 700 BCE. In the 19th century, German scientist Robert Koch identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax—marking the first proof that bacteria can cause disease. This discovery laid the foundation for microbiology. Later, Louis Pasteur developed the first anthrax vaccine for animals in 1881.
Current Situation
Thailand
The recent outbreak in Don Tan, Mukdahan, involved one fatality and one confirmed case. The suspected cause was consumption of raw infected beef.
Global Updates
- Democratic Republic of Congo: An outbreak in North Kivu Province resulted in one human death and multiple livestock fatalities.
- Scotland: Gruinard Island was used for anthrax testing during WWII and remained quarantined for decades until it was declared safe in 1990.
Symptoms of Anthrax
Symptoms vary depending on how the bacteria enter the body. There are four main types:
Cutaneous Anthrax
– The most common form. Begins as a red bump, then develops into a blister with a black center. If treated early, recovery is likely.
Inhalation Anthrax
– Caused by breathing in spores. Starts with flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, and chest pain. Can be fatal if not treated promptly.
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
– Caused by eating undercooked infected meat. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
Injection Anthrax
– Found in people who inject drugs. Similar to cutaneous anthrax but more severe.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
- Blood tests or samples from skin lesions
- Chest X-rays for suspected inhalation anthrax
Treatment
- Antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline
- Antitoxins: Used when the bacteria produce harmful toxins
- Supportive care: Oxygen therapy or ICU treatment in severe cases
Prompt and appropriate treatment significantly improves survival chances.
Anthrax Vaccine: Prevention Is Better Than Cure
The Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) was developed in the 1950s and improved in the 1970s. It’s currently used for high-risk groups such as military personnel, lab workers, and those handling potentially infected animals. The vaccine requires 5 doses over 18 months, with annual boosters.
How to Prevent Anthrax
- Avoid contact with animals or animal products that haven’t been inspected
- Cook meat thoroughly before eating
- Wear gloves and protective gear when handling animals or animal products
- Vaccinate high-risk individuals such as farm workers and lab staff
Summary
Anthrax is a long-known infectious disease that still poses a threat in certain areas. Understanding its symptoms, treatment, and prevention is key to reducing risk and controlling outbreaks.
If you have concerns or questions about anthrax, don’t hesitate to consult a doctor or your local public health office.
Further Reading:
Mayo Clinic: Anthrax - Diagnosis & treatment
CDC: Clinical Overview of Anthrax